定语从句关系词用法

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　一、定语从句关系词的用法与选择

　　■关系词的用法

关系词分关系代词和关系副词.关系代词主要有 that,who,whom,whose,which,as 等,其中who和whom 只用于指人,which和as 只用于指事物,whose和 that既可于指人也可用于指物,它们在定语从句可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语；关系副词主要有when,where 和why,其中when表示时间,where表地点,why表原因,它们在定语从句中均用作状语：

A plane is a machine that can fly.飞机是一种能飞行的机器.(that指物,在从句中用作主语)

I have forgotten everything that I learnt at school.我把学校学的所有东西都给忘了.(that指物,在从句中句作宾语)

The man who lives in that house is my uncle.住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔.(who指人,在从句中作主语)

The house whose windows are broken is empty.破了窗户的那座房子是空的.(whose指物,在从句中作定语)

There are some students whose questions I can’t answer.有些学生提出的问题我回答不了.(whose指人,在从句中作定语)

He is not such a fool as he looks.他并不像他看起来那么傻.(as指人,在从句作表语)

　■关系词的选择

选择关系词可考虑以下四点：

(1)一看先行词的意义,即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whom,指人时通常不用which等).

(2)二看关系词的句能,即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分,是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose,有时也用which；作状语要用when,where,why).

(3)三看定语从句的种类,即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句).

(4)四看文体,即分清是正式文体还是非正式文体,是书面语体还是口语体.

二、定语从句中关系副词的用法

关系副词，顾名思义，是联系先行词和定语从句的词，属于副词。定语从句中的关系副词有三个：when, where和why，它们在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语。其句法结构如下：

表时间的名词 + when + 定语从句

when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。

例句：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.

I’ll never forget the day when I joined the army.

表地点的名词 + where + 定语从句

where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。

例句：The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

表原因的名词reason + why + 定语从句(why只用于reason之后的限制性定语从句中,在定语从句中作原因状语。)

例句：That is the reason why I did the job.(在现代英语中why可以省略)

上句也可以这样表示：

That is the reason I did the job.

又如： This was the reason (why )we raised the temperature.

关系副词在定语从句中的用法看似简单，以下注意点不可忽视：

1）“when”、“where”和“why”的`运用取就于表时间的名词、表地点的名词和表原因的名词reason在定语从句中所作的成分，比较下面的几组句子：

*I will never forget the day when I first met you on the seashore.

*I will never forget the days which/that we spent together in Xueyao Middle School.

**This is the hospital where my mother works.

**This is the hospital which/that we visited the day before yesterday.

***The reason why he did not go to school is that he was ill.

***This is the reason which/that he gave his boss in the office .

2) “when”、“where”和“why”都可以替换成“介词 + which”，介词的选用取就于先行词和定语从句中的动词。例如：

Do you still remember the day on which we first met in Nantong?(on which=when)

This is the room in which we lived last year.(in which=where)

Do you know the reason for which he refused to go to Mary’s birthday party. (for which=why)

有时定语从句中介词短语和动词有意义紧密的修饰关系，尤其在非限制性定语从句中，常使用“介词 + which”结构，而不使用关系副词。例如：

My mother works in a factory, in front of which there is a small river.

At night the soldiers got to a small hill, at the foot of which stood a farmhouse.

3) 关系副词“when”、“where”既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。

例如：I will always remember the day when I first visited the Great Wall.

He came to Shanghai in 1980, when he was only 12.

I don’t know the exact spot where they will meet.

Mr Wang will fly to Beijing, where he will stay for three months.

有时关系副词“when”、“where”引导的限制性定语从句和先行词有间隔的现象，是为了平衡句子的语法需要。

Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?

The days are gone forever when the Chinese people used “foreign oil.”.

4) “that”可活用为关系副词，相当于“when, where、why”和“介词 + which”结构，尤其在“the time when”等结构中的“when”常被“that”代替，而且“that”往往省略。

I may leave here any time I want to.

During the time I was there I visited him twice.

This is my second time I have come to your country.

5) “which”有时可用作关系形容词，这是“which”在非限制性定语从句中的特殊使用，如：

The doctor advised him to give up smoking, which advice he did not follow.