第三十四单元 转换词语Transitional Words and Phrases
34.1 Introduction
In the writing of English compositions，we have to use transitional words or phrases in order to make logical connections between individual sentences and paragraphs as well as enhance the overall coherence of an rwise，the paragraph or the essaywill be loosely see the difference，let's compare the following two versions of a paragraph：
（1）
Speaking and writing are different in many ch depends on ing uses written ch developed about 500，000 years ten language is a comparatively recent was invented only about six thousand years ch is usually word choice in writing is often relatively unciation and accent are ignored in writing.A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the writtenlanguage of most ch relies on gesture，loudness，and the rise and fall of the ing lacks gesture，loudness，and the rise and fall of the ful speakers and writers are aware of the difference.
（2）
Speaking and writing are different in many ch depends on sounds；writing，on the other hand，uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500，000 years ago，but written language is a comparatively recent development，invented only about six thousand years ch is usually informal，while the word choice of writing，by contrast，is often relatively ough pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing，a standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most ch relies on gesture，loudness，and the rise and fall of the voice，but writing lacks these ful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
34.2 Analysis of the above two versions
In paragraph（1），almost all connections are efore，it is rather difficult for us to tell in how many ways speaking and writing are paragraph（2），however，by using the six comparsion and contrast transitions，“on the other hand”，“but”，“while”，“by contrast”and“although”，we can easily identify that speaking and writing are different in six aspects.
34.3 常用的转换词语类型（Types of Commonly Used Transitional Words or Phrases）
1）Listing列举
first，second，third
firstly，secondly，thirdly
first，furthermore，finally
in the first place，in the second place，finally
last but not least
first and most important
to begin with，next，then，finally
the former…the latter the first step，the second step，the
next step
2）Illustrating（giving examples）说明（举例）
for example（f.e.） including
for instance（i.d.） mainly
namely such as
3）Emphasizing强调
obviously certainly
undoubtedly especially
surely above all
indeed most important of all
in fact most importantly
very likely
4）Paralleling并列
or that is，that's to say not only…but（also）
and in other words both…and as well as
neither…nor either…or
5）Adding补充
also（too） gain furthermore
further moreover what is more
then in addition besides
as well（as）
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