Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet.
Psychologists who study optimization ( 最优化 ) compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents (支持者) of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take,they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent (相关的) considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.
Since most important problems are multifaceted (多层面的), there are several alternatives to choose from,each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for my college students is the question "What will I do after graduation?" A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.
A decision-making worksheet begins with succinct ( 简洁的) statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to "What will I do after graduation that will lead to a successful career?"
61. Of the following stepsis the one that occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet.
A. listing the consequences of each solution
B. calculating a numerical summary of each solution
C. writing down all possible solutions
D. deciding which consequences are most important
62. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that__________.
A. has the fewest variables to consider
B. uses the most decision worksheets
C. has the most points assigned to it
D. is agreed to by the greatest number of people
63. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of__________.
A. describing a process
B. classifying different types
C. providing historical background
D. explaining a theory
64. The author's attitude towards a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is __________.
A. neural
B. approving
C. ambiguous
D. biased
65. The passage mainly discusses __________.
A. a tool to assist in making complex decisions
B. a comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions
C. research on how people make decisions
D. differences between making long-range and short-range decisions
参考译文：
心理学领域的研究者发现，作出重要决定(比如，该选择哪一所大学，该投资哪笔生意)的一个最佳方法就是使用决策工作表单。研究“最优化”的心理学家比较人们实际做的决定和理论上理想的决定，想看看两者之间的相似之处。支持使用工作表单的人认为，这种方式可以产生“最优化”效果，即最佳决定。尽管工作表单有数种不同的具体形式，但是基本内容却是相同的。[61]工作表单需要人们将问题以清晰简洁的方式表现出来.然后列出所有可能解决问题的方案。接下来，列出每个解决方案会带来怎样的相关考虑，而且需要确定每项考虑或结果孰轻孰重。需要用数值来标记每项考虑，来反映其相对的重要性。
[62]通过将这些数值加在一起，运用数学计算的方法就可以作出一个决定。其中，综合分数最高的解决方案即为最佳选择。
由于一些最重要的问题往往都包含多个层面，因此会有多种备选方案，而每一种方案都各有利弊。
[64]用纸笔作决定的好处就是。相比一般情况下大脑可以理解和记忆的信息，纸笔记录可以使人能处理更多的变量。一般来说，人们同时可以记住七个概念。当一个方案涉及很多变量及其复杂关系时，工作表单就显得特别有用了。举个现实的例子，我教的大学学生会问“毕业后我要做什么工作呢?”大学毕业生也许会找一个提供专业培训的工作岗位，也可能想继续深造拿更高的学位或者出国旅行一年。
一个决策工作表单从简洁描述一个问题开始，而这个简洁描述也会有助于缩小解决方案的范围。分清楚长远目标和短期目标很重要，因为与短期目标相比，长远目标的决定过程通常与之完全不同。如果专注于长远目标，针对上面那个问题，即将毕业的大学生可能就会这样问：“毕业之后我做什么能够引领我走上成功的职业道路?”
参考答案：
61.C
定位：根据题干信息occursbeforetheothers,makingadecisionworksheet可将答案定位到第一段中间部分。
解析：作者在介绍制作决策工作表单的步骤时第一句就提到：“工作表单需要人们将问题以清晰简洁的`方式表现出来，然后列出所有可能解决问题的方案。”接下来，每种方案才被逐一分析。可见在四个选项中，C项在其他步骤之前。故选c。
62.C
定位：根据题干信息anoptimaldecision可将答案定位到第一段最后两句。
解析：文中提到，这种工作表单可以产生“最优化”效果，“通过将各种数值加在一起，运用数学计算的方法就可以作出一个决定。其中，综合分数最高的解决方案即为最佳选择。”可见，最好的决定必然是得分最高的选项。故选C。
63.A
定位：根据题干信息paragraph 1可将答案定位到第一段。
解析：本题考查第一段的写作逻辑。作者在第一段首先提出论点，即使用决策工作表单来作决定是最佳方法之一，接着展开论述，在论述的时候，对这种工作表单的具体使用方法和操作步骤进行了介绍，重点在于描述过程。故选A。
64.B
定位：根据题干信息a pencil and paper decision—making procedure可将答案定位到第二段第二句。
解析：该句提到：“用纸笔作决定的好处就是，相比一般情况下大脑可以理解和记忆的信息，纸笔记录可以使人能处理更多的变量。”后文也提到，这种借助纸和笔的工作表单在处理很多变量及其复杂关系时有很大帮助。可见，作者对于这种决策方法持支持的态度，故选B。
65.A
定位：根据题干信息the passage mainly discusses可知解答本题需通观全文。
解析：文章首句提到：“作出重要决定的一个最佳方法就是使用决策工作表单”。接着，作者介绍了利用这种工作表单得出最优决定的方法。第二段提到借助纸笔完成的工作表单比单纯用头脑记忆更有效，能帮助分析和处理更加复杂的问题。第三段提到这种工作表单要求对问题的描述比较简洁，而且要分清短期目标和长期目标。可见，文章通篇都是在介绍这种能帮助人们分析复杂问题的决策工作表单。故选A。
书香门第
